Surface roughness refers to the fine texture of a part’s surface. Every manufactured part’s surface has three main components—form, waviness, and roughness—that influence how well a part performs. The ...

Irregularities on a surface determine how rough it is. Surface roughness can be evaluated by visual appearances and tactile sensation and can be measured using a numerical scale. A surface condition ...

Surface roughness influences many mechanical properties, including friction and adhesion, surface reactivity, semiconductor substrate quality, and surface interaction with electromagnetic waves, ...